An Analysis of the Effectiveness of FIA Cyber Crime Laws in Preventing and Investigating Online Fraud in Pakistan: Challenges and Recommendations

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital technology and internet usage in Pakistan has led to a corresponding rise in cybercrimes, particularly online fraud. This study critically analyzes the effectiveness of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) Cyber Crime Laws, primarily governed by the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, in addressing online fraud. It explores the mechanisms in place for prevention and investigation, evaluates the operational efficiency of the FIA Cyber Crime Wing, and identifies key challenges hindering effective enforcement. The research finds that despite the presence of a legal framework, significant obstacles—such as lack of technical expertise, inadequate resources, delayed prosecutions, poor inter-agency coordination, and limited public awareness—undermine the law’s impact. Additionally, issues related to jurisdiction, digital evidence collection, and judicial capacity further complicate enforcement. Through a combination of doctrinal analysis, case study evaluation, and expert interviews, the paper proposes targeted reforms aimed at strengthening institutional capacity, updating legal tools, and enhancing public engagement. The study concludes that a multi-faceted approach—incorporating legal, administrative, and technological advancements—is essential for improving Pakistan's ability to combat online fraud effectively and protect its citizens in the digital space.